¿Quieres criar hijos exitosos? La ciencia dice que estos 7 hábitos producen excelentes resultados

Durante mucho tiempo he tenido la misión de recopilar consejos basados ​​en la ciencia para los padres y los tengo tanto aquí en mi columna en Heaven32 como en mi actualización constante (libre) Libro electronico, Cómo criar hijos exitososque se encuentra ahora en su séptima edición.

Aquí hay una breve lista de algunos de los estudios más interesantes y útiles que he encontrado y los hábitos que sugieren para los padres exitosos:

1. No los dejes sueltos.

Esta es una pregunta difícil que llega al corazón de las frustraciones de muchos padres.

En resumen, establezca altas expectativas y sea coherente en sus mensajes, incluso si pone los ojos en blanco (o algo peor) en respuesta.

Se basa en un estudio del Reino Unido que examinó a 15.000 mujeres jóvenes mayores de 10 años. Encontró que los niños cuyos padres “solían recordarles sus altas expectativas” eran:

  • menos probabilidades que los adultos de estar desempleados durante largos períodos de tiempo;
  • menos probabilidades de trabajar en trabajos de bajos salarios que odiaban;
  • más probabilidades de recibir una educación universitaria; y
  • menos probabilidades de quedar embarazadas mientras aún son adolescentes.

Como dijo un colega mío después de leer este artículo:

“Claro, tener una autoestima saludable y creer que tienes opciones es genial, pero no quedar embarazada solo porque no quieres escucharlo también está bien para nosotros. Lo que sea. Simplemente no lo hagas así”.

2. Felicítelos así.

Los padres a menudo elogian naturalmente a sus hijos por sus talentos.

  • ¡Eres tan inteligente (o talentoso, etc.)!
  • Eres tan amable y bueno con la gente.
  • ¡Eres realmente fuerte (o rápido o ágil)!

En resumen, no hagas eso. O al menos no solo eso.

El trabajo de la profesora de psicología de la Universidad de Stanford Carol Dweck ha demostrado que, con el tiempo, es mucho más efectivo elogiar a los niños por el esfuerzo que ponen en las cosas en lugar de sus habilidades innatas.

Estudio tras estudio muestra por qué. Sin embargo, para los propósitos de este resumen, tenga en cuenta:

  • No algo como “¡Eres tan buen pintor!”
  • Pero en cambio: “Estoy tan impresionado con el esfuerzo que pusiste en esta pintura, ¡y resultó tan hermosa!”

3. Hágalo con más frecuencia de lo que piensa.

Un estudio de la Universidad Brigham Young analizó los elogios y las críticas en las clases de la escuela primaria. Los investigadores asistieron a lecciones de 20 minutos una y otra vez durante tres años, observando a los maestros interactuar con 2.536 estudiantes entre el jardín de infantes y el primer grado.

En resumen, cuanto más reflexivos elogiaban los profesores a los estudiantes, mejor era su desempeño, independientemente de otros factores. Si bien los investigadores dijeron que tradicionalmente se ha alentado a los maestros a apuntar a una proporción de elogios a críticas de 3: 1 o 4: 1, el autor principal del estudio, Paul Caldarella, dijo: “No hay una proporción establecida. Cuanto mayor sea el elogio, mejor será el resultados “. . “

Por supuesto, esto es en el aula, no en casa. Pero pregúntese: ¿respondo mejor a los elogios o críticas reflexivos a lo largo del tiempo?

4. Déjelos hacer tareas.

Esto combina dos estudios para lograr un resultado fascinante. En resumen, el Harvard Grant Study, el estudio longitudinal de mayor duración en la historia, encontró dos claves que las personas necesitan para ser felices y exitosas:

Eso es. Nos enfocaremos en el segundo aquí, ya que el consenso del Estudio de Desarrollo de la Moral Laboral es desarrollar una “mentalidad de participación” en la niñez.

Y la forma más importante y estructurada de desarrollar esa mentalidad es haciendo las tareas del hogar cuando era niño. (Julie Lythcott-Haims, ex decana de estudiantes de primer año en la Universidad de Stanford, dejó esto en claro en su charla TED de 2016).

¿La desventaja? Los niños, especialmente los niños pequeños, no siempre hacen bien su trabajo. Apuesto a que podrías barrer el piso más rápido y más fácil, ¿verdad?

Insiste en que lo hagan de todos modos. No se trata solo de tener un piso limpio. Se trata de aprender a vivir una vida feliz.

5. Apúrate a su lado.

Este estudio resuelve un dilema al que a veces se enfrentan muchos padres. Regular:

Si mi hijo se lesiona, comete un error o se enfrenta a un desafío importante, ¿debo hacer eso?

una. ¿Dar prisa a su lado y ofrecerle consuelo?
B. ¿Mantienes un poco de distancia para aprender a ser independiente?

Un relevamiento de varios estudios lleva a una única conclusión: ponte de su lado y ofréceles comodidad.

Esto no significa “resolver todos sus problemas por ellos”, significa expresar empatía y hacerles saber claramente que te preocupas. En todos los estudios, los investigadores encontraron que los adultos que recordaban que sus padres estaban más concentrados en la respuesta inicial generalmente estaban “socialmente mejor”.

6. Preste atención a sus habilidades sociales.

Probablemente lo hará de todos modos si puede, pero un estudio fascinante que se publicó en la revista Pediatría de JAMA correlacionó el grado en que los maestros de jardín de infancia fueron clasificados como “prosociales” 30 años después con su éxito financiero.

Se pidió a los maestros de jardín de infantes en Montreal que rastrearan a sus estudiantes en áreas como falta de atención, hiperactividad, comportamiento de oposición, agresión física y, en última instancia, prosocialidad.

Esto era Canadá, no Estados Unidos, por lo que 30 años después, los investigadores pudieron acceder a las declaraciones de impuestos de los estudiantes con fines científicos. ¿El resultado?

Aquellos calificados más altos en prosocialidad como maestros de jardín de infantes ganaron un promedio de $ 12,000 por año más que aquellos calificados como bajos tres décadas antes.

Todo esto es más un diagnóstico que una cura, pero hablé con uno de los investigadores que creía firmemente que trabajar con niños pequeños que no eran “prosociales”, ya sea a través de una guardería de calidad, recibieron atención especial La escuela u otras estrategias probablemente valdrían la pena. en términos de estabilidad económica futura.

Lo que queramos para nuestros hijos, creo que todos lo queremos.

7. Mejore su vida por ellos (si es necesario).

Particularmente no me gusta el resultado de este estudio. Y cada vez que escribo sobre eso, me encuentro con padres que tienen un punto de vista diferente.

Sin embargo, un estudio publicado en American Sociological Review examinó cómo las familias muy ricas, que teóricamente podrían proporcionar a sus hijos cualquier beneficio que el dinero pudiera comprar, optan por gastar su riqueza.

¿Lo primero que hicieron para darles a sus hijos una gran ventaja? Múdate a un vecindario que sea lo más beneficioso posible para ellos. Los sociólogos expresaron esto como mudarse a un vecindario con otras personas ricas.

Pero después de pensarlo, creo que tal vez quieras desglosar un poco las conclusiones y en su lugar hablar de mudarte al vecindario con:

  • seguridad física
  • buenas escuelas
  • buen modelo a seguir

Puede definir estos factores de manera diferente a otros padres, y dos padres que miran el mismo vecindario pueden evaluarlos de manera diferente.

¿Pero en resumen? Si está buscando gastar dinero en una gran causa para aumentar las posibilidades de éxito de sus hijos, elija el lugar adecuado para vivir y haga lo que tenga que hacer para mudarse allí.

No olvide el libro electrónico gratuito, Cómo criar hijos exitosos (séptima edición).

Las opiniones expresadas aquí por los columnistas de Heaven32 son las suyas propias, no las de Heaven32.

) e-book, How to Raise Successful Kids
, which is now in its 7th edition. n Here's a short list of just a few of the most interesting and useful studies that I've found, and the habits they suggest for successful parents: n

1.     Don't let up on them.

n This is a difficult one, and it goes right to the core of many parents' frustration.  n But, in short: Set high expectations, and be consistent in your messaging, even when you get eye-rolling (or worse) in reply. n It's based on a study out of Great Britain that looked at 15,000 young women over 10 years, which found that kids whose parents "habitually reminded them of their high expectations," were: n
    t
  • less likely to be unemployed for long periods of time as adults;
  • t
  • less likely to wind up working in low-wage, dead-end jobs that they hated;
  • t
  • more likely to obtain a college education; and
  • t
  • less likely to become pregnant while they're still teenagers.
n As a colleague of mine put it aHeaven32er reading this article:  n "Sure, having a healthy sense of self-esteem and believing that you have options is great, but not getting pregnant just because you 'don't want to hear it' is fine with us, too. Whatever. Just make it not be so." n

2.     Praise them like this.

n Parents oHeaven32en praise their kids, quite naturally, for their talents. n
    t
  • You're so smart (or talented, etc.)!
  • t
  • You're so kind and good to people.
  • t
  • You're really strong (or fast or agile)!
n In short, don't do that. Or, at least, don't only do that. n The work of Stanford University psychology professor Carol Dweck has shown that it's far more effective over time to praise kids for the effort they put into things, as opposted to their innate abilities. n Study aHeaven32er study shows why. But for purposes of this summary, just remember: n
    t
  • Not something like: "You're such a good painter!"
  • t
  • But instead, "I am so impressed by the effort you put into that painting, and it turned out so beautifully!"
n

3.     Do it more oHeaven32en than you might think.

n A study out of Brigham Young University looked at praise and criticism in elementary school classes. Researchers sat in on 20-minute classroom sessions over and over again for three years, tracking how teachers interacted with 2,536 students between kindergarten and first grade. n In short, the more thoughtful praise teachers gave the students, the better they performed, regardless of other factors. While the researchers said teachers have traditionally been encouraged to aim for a 3:1 or 4:1 ratio of praise to criticism, as  lead study author Paul Caldarella put it: "There is no particular ratio. The higher the praise the better the results." n Of course, this is in the classroom, not the home. But ask yourself: Do I respond better over time to thoughtful praise, or to criticism? n

4.    Make them do chores.

n This one combines two studies, to reach a fascinating result. In short, the Harvard Grant Study, which is the longest running longitudinal study in history, found two keys that people need in order to be happy and successful: n 1. Love.2. Work ethic. n That's it. We'll focus here on the second one, because the consensus from the study about how to develop work ethic is to form a "pitch-in mindset" as a kid. n And the key, structured way to develop that mindset is to be required as a child to do household chores. (Julie Lythcott-Haims, the former dean of freshmen at Stanford University, made this point memorably in her 2016 TED talk.) n The drawback? Kids, especially young kids, don't always do chores well. I'll bet you could sweep the floor more easily and faster, right? n Insist that they do it anyway. It's not just about having a clean floor. It's about learning to have a happy life. n

5.    Rush to their side.

n This study solves a dilemma that I think a lot of parents face at times. It goes like this: n If my child gets hurt, or makes a mistake, or faces a big challenge, should I? n a. Rush to his or her side, offering consolation?b. Maintain a bit of distance, so as to help them learn to be self-reliant? n A survey of several studies leads to a single conclusion: rush to their side and offer consolation. n This doesn't mean "solve all their problems for them," but it means express empathy, and let them know clearly that you care. Across the studies, researchers found that adults who remembered their parents as more aligned with the first reaction were usually "more socially well-adjusted." n

6.     Pay attention to their social abilities.

n You're probably going to do this anyway, if you can, but a fascinating study published in the journal JAMA Pediatrics correlated the degree to which kindergarteners were qualifiably rated as "prosocial" with their financial success 30 years later. n Kindergarten teachers in Montreal were asked to track their students in areas like, inattention, hyperactivity, oppositional behavior, physical aggression, and finally prosociality.  n This was Canada, not the United States, and so the researchers were able to get access to the students' tax returns 30 years later, for scientific purposes. The result?  n Those who were rated highest for prosociality as kindergartners made an average of $12,000 a year more than those who had been rated low, three decades earlier. n This is all more of a diagnosis than a cure, but I talked with one of the researchers, who strongly believed that working with young kids who were not "prosocial," whether it was through providing quality day care, special attention at school, or other strategies, would likely pay off in terms of future economic stability. n Whatever else we want for our kids, I think we all want that. n

7.    Upend your life for them (if needed).

n I don't like the result of this study, particularly. And every time I've written about, I've found parents who express a different view. n But a study published in the journal American Sociological Review looked at how very wealthy families, who could theoretically give their kids any advantage money can buy, choose to spend their wealth. n The number one thing they did to give their kids a big advantage? Move to a neighborhood that is as advantageous to them as possible. The sociologists phrased this as moving to a neighborhood with other wealthy people. n But having reflected on this, I think they might want to break down the conclusions a bit, and instead talk about moving to neighborhoods with: n
    t
  • physical safety
  • t
  • good schools
  • t
  • good role models
n You might define those factors different than other parents, and two parents looking at the same neighborhood might rate them differently. n But in short? If you're going to spend money on one big thing to improve your kids' chances of success, pick the right place to live, and do what you have to, in order to move there. n Don't forget the free ebook, How to Raise Successful Kids (7th Edition). 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